Is This the Way to Church Growth?
Recently in an article for the Guardian newspaper, Giles Fraser suggested the Church of England should do to its churches what Beeching did to the railways, close its underused rural parishes. He further proposed concentrating resources in churches in “minster” type churches for the purpose of re-evangelisation [1].
Rural churches, he claimed, needed to close as half of them had less than 20 in the congregation, a quarter under 10. The overstretched ministers released from these churches could be placed in the minster congregations. They would be “a community of clergy –some pastors, some evangelists, some theologians”. This would be the team to lead the re-growth of the church, making congregations “worth travelling to”, to quote Fraser’s words.
A Modelling Response
My first reaction was to cringe that the answer to the church’s decline was seen to be yet more theologians and clergy, the two types of ministry not mentioned in the New Testament [2]! However, these are serious proposals by Giles Fraser and deserve consideration.
The effectiveness of any strategy for re-growing the church depends on whether it can tackle the root cause of church decline, the church’s failure to recruit sufficient people to counteract its losses [3]. From my modelling, I would express the hypothesis this way:
Church decline is caused by the inadequate production of enthusiasts, the spiritually “infectious” Christians who make new converts and thus generate more enthusiasts.
This process creates a reinforcing feedback loop and is the engine that drives revival growth. This is the growth that took the church to its peak at the beginning of the twentieth century [4,5,6]. This way, Christianity grows in a similar pattern to a disease.

So to the two proposals. I will concentrate on issues of growth and decline, not the pastoral implications. Firstly, I will look at the closure of rural churches. Then I will look at the implications of minister churches.
1. Closing Rural Churches
a) Reduced Pool of Potential Converts
Closing rural churches might cut off parts of the country from Christian witness altogether. The result would be a reduced pool of potential converts that would slow any existing church growth and might put the church further under the extinction threshold [4]. It would have to be demonstrated that these rural churches have virtually no conversion or potential to witness, and thus nothing was being lost by their closure.
b) Small Does not Mean Useful
Although 50% of rural churches are under 20 attenders, that does not mean they are small. This number could be a significant fraction of their community, more so than many inner-city churches. Small communities have small churches, and small communities are not going away. They need Jesus, and closing a church denies them access to salvation, as well as further reducing denominational recruitment. Small churches in small communities often have good contact with unbelievers.
c) Life not Size
It is not just the size of the church that is important, but its spiritual life. A church of 20 people on fire for God is more likely to see growth and conversion than a large church full of ineffective and spiritually dead people. It is LIFE that matters. A small number of enthusiasts can lead to a large future church growth [4]. It was Dr DM Lloyd-Jones who said that putting six graveyards together does not bring the dead to life. It just gives a bigger graveyard [7]! Merging and combining small churches does not in and of itself bring spiritual life. Neither do communities of clergy.

d) Lay Ministry
If the issue is the resourcing of a professional minister, then do without one. Train the people in the church to act as its elders and teachers. Perhaps the Church of England should return to a Biblical every-member ministry pattern for rural churches. Learn from the Brethren!
e) The Church is not the Building
If the issue is the maintenance of the building, then manage without the building. The building is not the church, and closing the building does not mean closing the church. Buildings that outlive their usefulness should be let go so people are not burdened with their maintenance. This could mean mothballing them for a future that may need them again. It would not be the first period in history that church buildings went into serious disrepair, only to be renewed generations later. If sold for redevelopment, that strategy would be lost.
f) Selling Buildings has Issues
It is unclear whether selling ancient buildings for demolition and development would ever be allowed to happen. Many are listed and not suitable for sale. The delays involved would mean the resources would not be available for years, perhaps too late. It is unclear that people would even want to develop in such spots. There are many redundant and underused parish buildings in cities. The buildings are less ancient; their sale would be easier and probably fetch a better price. Perhaps it is the city churches that should close not the rural ones!

g) More Money may not Help
If the purpose of closing rural churches is to generate capital, then it is unclear whether having more money would improve mission. More paid clergy in towns and cities may stifle work to empower all Christians [2]. Ironically, declining churches can be wealthier than growing ones as they contain older and more committed people [8]. Shortage of money is not the issue. The issue with church decline is primarily spiritual, not financial. This kind does not come out by money but by prayer and fasting, Mark 9:29!
h) Replanting Rural Areas May Be Hard
I can understand how a large church at a distance from rural areas can be used to replant Christianity in areas with no church. But at some point, someone needs to travel to the rural area, and the same issue of small numbers using a large amount of resources will resurface, with the added burden of having a fresh start. Better not to lose them in the first place.
Thus, the proposal to close many rural churches has issues. However, if the strategy were one of keeping spiritually lively fellowships of believers in rural areas but freeing them from reliance on paid clergy and the need to maintain a building, which could be closed if unfit for use, then the idea may have merit [9]. It would then be worth trying. In the next 10 years many of these churches will close naturally, so the risk factor in closing them early may not be that high.
2. Concentration of Resources in “Minster” Churches
a) Full Buildings
Care would be needed to ensure that the buildings in which the “resource-concentrated” church meets are big enough. Whereas a church building that is too big may be a waste of resources, a building that is full each Sunday seriously hinders growth by lack of capacity. This is why churches in the past always built buildings with far more capacity than needed at the time.
b) Concentration of Enthusiasts Assists Growth
Positively, the concentration of enthusiasts and of believers in one place is a driver of church growth [5]. Figure 2 shows the engine of growth, loop R, enhanced with other processes.

Firstly, the renewal loop, R1. The more enthusiasts, the more engagement with non-enthusiastic members, renewing them to infectiousness. Then, there are the spiritual life loops. The more enthusiasts interact, pray, worship, and do Bible training, the more effective they become. They now have a spiritual disease that is more infectious, leading to more effective renewal, R2. In addition, they become more effective at conversion, R3. It can be shown that a critical mass of enthusiasts and church size can trigger this enhanced revival process [5].
Flagship Churches
Churches with concentrated resources are also called Flagship Churches, ones that reproduce themselves in other churches [10]. They are also called Infectious Centres of Spiritual Health [11], places where Christians are set on fire again for God. These are not “minster” churches as such as the concentration is of every member ministries, not paid clergy. They can be seen in many denominations and, not surprisingly, are in areas of large populations. Although they can have a big influence in their own city, e.g. Holy Trinity Brompton in London, it is not clear they have been able to help rural areas [12]. In principle, it could work, but some research would be needed.
Conclusion
Giles Fraser’s proposal to concentrate resources is a good idea, has been effective in the past, and is still effective in the growth of churches in London and many of the newer charismatic congregations.
But it comes with a proviso. It is not just about creating churches that are worth coming to, though that definitely helps. It is about creating people that are worth living like. Ones whose lives are worth copying. People who have a passion for God, in the person of Jesus, through the work of the Holy Spirit. People who are willing to make sacrifices to ensure the lost are saved out of sheer compassion for eternal souls. People who live in the light of eternity, not the need of the moment. People who are determined not to follow the self-centred and hedonistic spirit of this and any other age but see a world transformed where people can live as God intended them to live.
It is not about church but about people.
It is not about saving an institution but saving souls.
Notes and References
[1] We must do to our churches what Beeching did to the railways. Giles Fraser, The Guardian, 15/10/15.
[2] I am OK with pastors and evangelists, but what happened to apostles, prophets and teachers, overseas and deacons?
As all organisations grow there is a tendency to oligarchy and the development of a separate leadership class from the led. (See Michels R.(1961) [1911]. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy, NY, The Free Press).
Professional clergy is how this oligarchy is manifested in the church, and most other religions, often called a priest, but not always. The name is irrelevant, the concept is that a subset of people become essential to the functioning of the organisation, and the organisation has made supporting them its priority.
This oligarchy is part of the institutionalism that hinders the church’s growth and has assisted its decline. See the blog Institutionalism and Church Decline.
Christian leaders are essential, and they can be more effective when paid full-time. But their role was never to replace the people of the church and become the sole ministers, a separate priestly class, rather it was to encourage all the church to pursue ministry, especially witness and evangelism. When times are lean, paid leaders are a luxury the church cannot afford and the church needs to learn to manage without them, as it does in many parts of the world where, ironically, the church grows.
[3] In a subsequent blog, I will demonstrate the hypothesis that churches decline now compared with the past because of their failure to recruit.
[4] See
- Hayward J. (2002). A Dynamical Model of Church Growth and its Application to Contemporary Revivals. Review of Religious Research, 43(3),218-241.
- Hayward J. (2000). Growth and Decline of Religious and Sub-cultural Groups.18th International System Dynamics Society, Bergen, Norway.
- Hayward J. (1999). Mathematical Modeling of Church Growth, Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 23(4), 255-292, 1999.
[5] See:
- Hayward J. (2010). Church Growth via Enthusiasts and Renewal. 28th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Seoul, South Korea.
- Renewal Model
- Spiritual Life Model
- Critical Mass
6] In a subsequent blog, I will give examples to show that the church growth of the past primarily came through revival.
[7] Lloyd-Jones D.M.(1986). Revival. Marshall Pickering. [
8] Davies G.. Understanding Parish Growth Stages, Diocese of Sydney.
[9] It may be argued that most small rural churches do not have a lively spiritual fellowship at their core, but just people turning up on Sunday, out of routine, demanding the services of a minister, and with no interest of putting anything spiritual into the church themselves. But it is this true? This information that would need to be known before any attempt at closing churches is executed. Size alone does not determine viability.
[10] See Flagship Churches.
[11] Centre for Infectious Spiritual Health was once a slogan for St Mungo’s Church Balerno.
[12] Update in 2023. HTB has planted outside of London, including as far as Wales and Nottingham. So far, it is too early to see this expansion into rural areas.
Tags: Church of England, Conversion, Enthusiasts, Giles Fraser, Renewal, Rural Churches, Spiritual Life
Thank you for a well-developed response. As paid clergy in four rural parishes I do have an interest to declare in maintaining the status quo (keep an income and somewhere to live!). However, the churches here do not seem to be in decline and the 4 listed church buildings are better maintained than ever before – and people meet to worship together! Closing churches will use a lot of resources of enthusiasts. I hope that I "encourage all the church to pursue ministry, especially witness and evangelism". Very difficult for me to be objective…
This morning I led services in two rural churches, total combined congregation 35. Next week, in a different two, the total is likely to be under 10. But these figures bear no relation to the commitment or faith of the worshippers, nor of the deep commitment they have to serving their communities. Without them, this would be a much poorer place.
And shedding buildings doesn't necessarily free up congregations either: all the local Methodist churches sold their buildings 20 years ago with that ambition; only one congregation now remains – the one that shares a church building with the RC congregation.
Thank you for your kind comments. Many clergy I have met do encourage lay ministry in their churches, especially in the scattered rural ones, so it comes as no surprise to hear you say you do this. This has been a significant and continuing trend over all the years I have been a Christian, but like all "strategies" it takes time to see fruit. If rural churches/buildings were closed early just on the basis of small size, much good work which has been started could be stopped before it has a chance to reverse decline. Looking at figures over time for congregations it is remarkable how many small rural churches have remain stable. Not a case for closure! Thank you again.
thank you for your comments. It really does need people who know the situation with individual rural churches to report on what is really happening as you have just done. Numbers are not everything, faith and commitment are hugely important, I hope you picked that up from my article, especially the bit on the need for spiritual life. The trouble is faith, commitment, life are not easily quantifiable, so people often just judge by numbers. A small church in a small community often brings out the best in people as they have to get on with things themselves, I always find them an inspiration to visit. I agree also that just shedding buildings, even if the money is realised, will not necessarily help, as I said above I don't think lack of money is the issue. Welsh non-conformity had tried this when it declined, mergers, one minister to six churches. It neither gave growth, or stemmed decline. There is an issue with small churches pouring all their energies into maintaining a building, and they would have been better letting it go. I know one that did, closed and reopened in a smaller, easier to maintain building, and it flourished thereafter. Glad to hear of your positive experience in your churches. Hopefully any assessment of the viability of rural churches will look at more than numbers as an indicator of health, and also look at potential. Thank you
Brilliant – enthusiasm I concur is a key, to which I would add expectancy. Expectancy that God is active and that people will be attracted to a Community of Faith that is committed at its core and open at the edges, evangelised and naturally evangelizing. (Just ask your average rural congregation what they expect to happen when they gather to worship on a Sunday morning)
I agree, expectancy is very important to behaviour, especially the expectancy that God is involved and not left us to our own devices! It is a very hard concept to model though, which is perhaps why i did not mention it. I will try one day. Committed at the core and open at the edges is something we have modelled and there are plenty of examples of this as a policy in church life. The Welsh Methodists had members and Adherents, the latter able to be less committed, obtain benefits of the church, but could nt be part of the highly prized experience meeting. It became the bridge between the community and church membership. Thank you for your comments
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